A Litmus Test in Japan: Should Spouses Be Able to Have Different Surnames?

The nine candidates vying to become prime minister have been differentiated by their stances on a law requiring married couples to share a family name.

Japan’s leaders have plenty to think about. The country’s population is shrinking and rapidly aging. One neighbor, North Korea, is a nuclear menace, while another, China, is escalating territorial incursions and information warfare. On top of that: climate change, ballooning national debt, inflation and a slowing economy.

But to hear the nine men and women vying to become Japan’s next prime minister talk about these challenges, it is not always easy to distinguish one from the next. One issue that does differentiate the contenders, however, centers on a 30-year-old debate over whether married couples should be able to use separate surnames.

Spouses must share a surname under a law dating from Japan’s Meiji era, which ended in 1912; in more than 95 percent of cases, women take their husband’s name. The Japanese government says it knows of no other country with such a law, and the requirement has come to symbolize Japan’s status on a constellation of women’s rights.

Much as abortion rights have become a litmus test in American politics, the marital naming law has helped define the race that opened last month when Prime Minister Fumio Kishida announced that he would step down.

On Friday, the governing Liberal Democratic Party will hold an election to replace Mr. Kishida, a deeply unpopular leader whose party became embroiled in a financial scandal on his watch.

L.D.P. lawmakers, as well as rank-and-file members from prefectural districts, will vote for a new party leader. In response to the financial scandal, a decades-old system in which candidates were selected by political factions has been dissolved. Still, backroom maneuvering will no doubt play some hand in determining the winner, who will assume the prime minister’s seat at the beginning of next month.

The roster of candidates, unprecedented in size, spans the reformist and far-right wings of the conservative L.D.P. It includes two women and two candidates under 50 in a party dominated by aging men.

A top candidate on the more progressive side of the party is Shinjiro Koizumi, a former environment minister and a son of Junichiro Koizumi, who was prime minister from 2001 to 2006.

The youngest candidate at 43, Mr. Koizumi has vowed that in his first year as prime minister, he would pass a law allowing married couples to retain separate surnames. Mr. Koizumi, who made waves when he took a short paternity leave after the birth of his first child in 2020, is the only candidate who has promised to overturn the law.

The leading conservative candidate, Sanae Takaichi, 63, would become Japan’s first female prime minister. She has said that while she supports married couples’ use of different surnames in professional settings, the naming law should remain in place to preserve family unity and protect future offspring from confusion.

Both Shigeru Ishiba, 67, a four-time contender for the prime minister’s seat and a leading candidate in public opinion polls, and Yoko Kamikawa, 71, the current foreign minister and the other woman in the race, have said that more discussion is needed. Ms. Kamikawa said she “recognized the risk of division” over the issue.

For three decades, reformers both inside the party and from the opposition have proposed changes to the law. Two cases made it to Japan’s Supreme Court, with the justices ruling that Parliament ultimately must decide the matter. A third case is being heard before district courts in Tokyo and Sapporo.

Yukari Uchiyama, 56, a high school teacher and plaintiff in the current lawsuit on the issue, raised three children and is legally divorced from her husband, Yukio Koike, so that she can keep her original surname on legal documents. She said that giving up her surname made her feel as if “my very existence, which is the very foundation of my rights as a human being, is being ignored, or cut off from the roots.”

When “even something as simple as this doesn’t pass,” she said, “I think that various gender issues that are being raised are not acknowledged.”

Japanese media polls indicate that about two-thirds of the public supports a change in the naming law. Earlier this year, Japan’s largest business group issued a statement calling for the government to allow married people to keep their birth names in the official family registry.

Citing an issue that invokes gender equality helps a candidate like Mr. Koizumi define himself as breaking with the party’s traditional patriarchal leadership, said Mireya Solis, director of the Center for Asia Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution in Washington.

“This is why this is really touching a nerve,” she said. “It’s an issue that symbolizes an appetite for change.”

For Ms. Takaichi, taking the opposite tack is a way to signal her hard-line bona fides to the party’s small but powerful right wing.

While the debate is unlikely to sway the election on its own, it highlights a generational divide inside the party, with older voters supporting the status quo.

“I think a lot of senior politicians believe this in their bones,” said Kenneth McElwain, a professor of political science at the University of Tokyo and a visiting professor at Columbia University. “They are representing people in their 60s-plus for whom this is crucial.”

In the past, candidates for prime minister were likely to tussle most visibly over matters like defense and national security.

Liberals and conservatives were defined by how hawkish and dovish they were on foreign policy, Ms. Solis said. “But that doesn’t seem to be the cleavage anymore,” she added.

Even politicians previously considered doves — like Mr. Kishida — have come to support an expansion of the Japanese defense budget and increased militarization.

Ms. Takaichi has invoked some nationalist tropes that could spook Japan’s Asian neighbors, such as promising to visit Yasukuni Shrine, where Class A war criminals from World War II are enshrined. But her basic foreign and defense policies do not differ markedly from those of her more progressive rivals.

The candidates have discussed other policy positions, such as how to change the rigid labor market and whether to restart nuclear reactors that have been shut down since the 2011 earthquake and tsunami triggered a nuclear meltdown.

But they have been almost uniformly vague in addressing the scandals that have led to high voter dissatisfaction and declining trust in the governing party.

After the assassination of Shinzo Abe, the former prime minister, in 2022, the news media unearthed extensive ties between the fringe Unification Church and a group of conservative politicians. The killer had been angered by Mr. Abe’s ties to the church.

L.D.P. lawmakers scurried to contain the political fallout, but party leaders have failed to persuade voters that they have fully purged the church’s influence.

Since late last year, the party has also been contending with a financial scandal in which some L.D.P. lawmakers were accused of taking kickbacks from sales of tickets to political fund-raisers.

With none of the candidates offering clear plans to address the public discontent, the L.D.P. election represents further stagnation, said Chiyako Sato, an editorial writer with The Mainichi Shimbun, a centrist newspaper.

The Liberal Democrats, she told reporters last week, are simply “changing faces to simulate a change in government.”

Hisako Ueno contributed reporting.

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