New guidelines aim to bring precision medicine to stroke rehabilitation

by Jon Kelvey, University of Maryland School of Medicine

edited by Sadie Harley, reviewed by Andrew Zinin

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A University of Maryland School of Medicine (UMSOM) stroke rehabilitation specialist helped develop new recommendations for studying molecular biomarkers associated with recovery from stroke. The new guidelines could help pave the way for precision rehabilitation approaches tailored to individual patients.

Published in the International Journal of Stroke, an international task force established a framework for conducting large-scale studies that collect blood samples alongside detailed recovery measurements taken over time after stroke.

Such longitudinal studies are required to identify the biological signals that could help clinicians determine not only which therapies are most effective but also when stroke patients are most likely to benefit from them.

"For a long time, stroke recovery studies have used 'outcome' measures at a single 90-day time point. But that approach misses the peaks and valleys that define a patient's unique recovery profile," said Robynne Braun, MD, Ph.D., UMSOM associate professor of neurology and a stroke rehabilitation specialist at the University of Maryland Rehabilitation & Orthopedic Institute.

Braun's goal, and that of her co-lead author, Matthew Edwardson, MD, associate professor of neurology and rehabilitation medicine at Georgetown University School of Medicine, "is to move beyond one-size-fits-all rehabilitation and toward precision medicine approaches that help us identify the right treatment for the right patient at the right moment in recovery," she said.

More than 795,000 Americans experience a stroke each year, and many survivors face long-term challenges, like mobility issues, speech difficulties and cognitive impairment that interfere with their daily activities.

While advances in emergency stroke care have dramatically improved survival, scientists still know relatively little about the biological processes that drive recovery in the weeks and months after stroke—compared with the recovery that takes place after a heart attack, for example. One of the major goals of the 17-member task force was to outline methodologies and specific research areas to fill these knowledge gaps.

The task force identified several important candidate biomarkers for ongoing study, including neurofilament light chain (NfL), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), brain-derived tau, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). These biological molecules are associated with cell damage, nerve cell growth and inflammation in many other disease states and in normal physiology.

The recommendations emphasized that researchers still need to understand, for example, how molecular profiles of these biomarkers change over time following a stroke and how those changes relate to the brain's ability to repair itself, especially in response to interventions like physical therapy.

"The evidence shows that trying to do intensive rehabilitation too soon after a stroke, while the brain may still be dealing with inflammation and injury, can actually make things worse. But research also shows that you get diminishing returns with rehabilitation if you wait too long to intervene," Braun said.

"That window is likely different for every person. So the goal is identifying molecular signposts that can tell us where an individual patient is in that recovery journey so we can intervene at the most effective time, targeting the most appropriate biology for each individual patient."

To support progress, the report recommends creating national biomarker centers, international data repositories and dedicated funding programs capable of supporting studies involving thousands of stroke survivors. The recommendations also highlight the importance of ethical safeguards to ensure biomarker information is never used to limit patients' access to rehabilitation services.

"I would love to see Maryland become a hub for this work," Braun said. "We have outstanding precision medicine infrastructure and neurorehabilitation programs. By bringing together expertise in neuroscience, rehabilitation, molecular biology and data science, we can help accelerate discoveries that ultimately improve outcomes for stroke survivors."

More information

Matthew A Edwardson et al, Molecular biomarkers in stroke recovery: Consensus-based core recommendations from the fourth Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation Roundtable, International Journal of Stroke (2026). DOI: 10.1177/17474930261475960

Key medical concepts

Neurofilament light chainBrain-Derived Neurotrophic FactorGlial Fibrillary Acidic Protein

Clinical categories

NeurologyPhysiatry Provided by University of Maryland School of Medicine Who's behind this story?

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