Oxford museum makes ‘historic’ return of Naga human remains

• Oxford's Pitt Rivers Museum returned the remains of 39 Naga people to their community in Nagaland. Laura Van Broekhoven called it a “historic moment”.
• The handover follows wider museum moves to review colonial-era collections and return human remains. The museum has already returned remains to Indigenous communities in Australia, New Zealand and the US.
• Naga leaders will bury the remains together under a joint memorial. Thejao Vihienuo said, “We shall put them to respectful rest,” after years of delicate talks.

OXFORD, Britain – An Oxford University museum returned on Nov 9 the remains of 39 people taken during Britain’s colonial rule in India to members of its Naga community.

Almost 30 people from the community based in north-eastern Nagaland, a mountainous state bordering Myanmar, travelled to Britain for the ceremony, which the museum’s director, Laura Van Broekhoven, called a “historic moment”.

The handover at the Pitt Rivers Museum came as part of a broader trend among Western museums reassessing how they acquired exhibits from other cultures, particularly human remains, and in some cases returning them.

The Pitt Rivers, an ethnographic museum founded in the 19th century, has already handed back human remains to Indigenous communities in Australia, New Zealand and the US.

The Oxford museum has more than 6,000 objects representing Naga culture – the largest collection in the world – and is giving back “ancestral human remains”, mainly skulls, to the Naga people.

During a speech, as both sides signed a formal agreement on the handover, Van Broekhoven hailed it as “a historic moment that will be part of stories told to next generations”.

The remains were already “on their way to Heathrow” airport, the museum director said, after overcoming “so much red tape everywhere”.

The museum removed all human remains from display only in 2020, much later than most museums, and still has around 2,700 remains in storage, she told AFP.

These “were collected in times that had different ethics, different thinking, which was not unproblematic when we look at it with the eyes of today”, she said.

‘Respectful rest’

Housed in a Victorian Gothic building, the museum is a dark, atmospheric space with glass cases crammed with objects, many with handwritten labels.

Naga tribal leaders united for the handover and planned to bury the remains together under a joint memorial in a park.

“We shall put them to respectful rest,” one of the tribal leaders, Thejao Vihienuo, told AFP.

The 73-year-old, draped in a traditional shawl, also visited with other Nagas in 2025 as part of the lengthy process.

“It’s been six years of working alongside each other on a very delicate matter,” the museum director said.

The Naga remains were brought to Oxford between 1910 and 1940. Most were collected by two colonial administrators who were anthropologists.

The museum says on its website that items collected during this era were “frequently confiscated during punitive military expeditions, rather than freely given”.

While in Oxford, the delegation met descendants of one of the anthropologists.

“The manner in which these human remains were taken away from our land leaves much for us to speculate,” Vihienuo said.

“I suspect that nobody would have given the skull of his father or his grandfather as a gift to another person.”

The Naga people once practised headhunting, severing the heads of enemies as trophies, but also kept the heads of their own chiefs “at the centre of the villages”, and one of the remains is a chief’s head, said anthropologist Dolly Kikon, a member of Nagaland’s Lotha-Naga community. AFP