At least 5,000 killed in Iranian unrest, official says, as judiciary hints at executions

At least 5,000 people have been killed in protests in Iran, including about 500 security personnel, an Iranian official in the region said on Jan 18, citing verified figures and accusing “terrorists and armed rioters” of killing “innocent Iranians”.

Nationwide protests erupted on Dec 28, 2025, over economic hardship and swelled over two weeks into widespread demonstrations calling for the end of clerical rule – resulting in the deadliest unrest since the 1979 Islamic revolution.

US President Donald Trump has repeatedly threatened to intervene
if protesters continued to be killed on the streets or were executed. In a social media post on Jan 16, he thanked Tehran’s leaders, saying they had called off scheduled executions of 800 people.

On Jan 17, Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei in a public speech branded Mr Trump a “criminal” for the casualties he inflicted on Iran by supporting protesters.

“We will not drag the country into war, but we will not let domestic or international criminals go unpunished,” Ayatollah Khamenei said, acknowledging “several thousand deaths” that he blamed on “terrorists and rioters” linked to the US and Israel.

Iran’s judiciary indicated that executions may go ahead.

“A series of actions have been identified as Mohareb, which is among the most severe Islamic punishments,” Iranian judiciary spokesperson Asghar Jahangir told a press conference.

Mohareb, an Islamic legal term meaning to wage war against God, is punishable by death under Iranian law.

Mr Trump said in an interview with Politico on Jan 17: “It’s time to look for new leadership in Iran”.

US-based HRANA rights group said on Jan 17 that the death toll had reached 3,308, with another 4,382 cases under review. It said it had confirmed more than 24,000 arrests.

The Iranian official said the verified death toll was unlikely to “increase sharply”, adding “Israel and armed groups abroad” had supported and equipped those taking to the streets.

The clerical establishment regularly blames unrest on foreign enemies, including the US and Israel, an arch foe of the Islamic Republic which launched military strikes in June.

The violent crackdown appears to have broadly quelled protests, according to residents and state media.

One resident in Tehran said he had witnessed riot police directly shooting at a group of protesters, who were mostly young men and women. Videos circulating on social media, some of which have been verified by Reuters, have shown security forces violently cracking down on demonstrations across the country.

Highest death toll in Kurdish areas

The Iranian official, who declined to be named due to the sensitivity of the issue, also said some of the heaviest clashes and highest number of deaths were in the Iranian Kurdish areas in the country’s north-west.

Kurdish separatists have been active in those areas and flare-ups there have been among the most violent in past periods of unrest.

Three sources told Reuters on Jan 14 that armed Kurdish separatist groups sought to cross the border into Iran from Iraq in a sign of foreign entities potentially seeking to take advantage of instability after days of crackdown on protests against Tehran.

“I am against this regime and have taken part in protests, but I witnessed some armed individuals disguised as protesters shooting at civilians. They were not ordinary protesters, they carried guns and knives,” an Iranian in a north-western town told Reuters on condition of anonymity.

The Norway-based Iranian Kurdish rights group Hengaw has said some of the heaviest clashes during the protests that erupted in late December were also in Kurdish areas in the north-west.

Getting information has been complicated by internet blackouts, which were partly lifted for a few hours early on Jan 17. But internet monitoring group NetBlocks said the blackout seemed to have later been reimposed.

Dr Faizan Ali, a 40-year-old medical doctor from Lahore, said he had to cut short his trip to Iran to visit his Iranian wife in the central city of Isfahan as “there was no internet or communication with my family in Pakistan”.

“I saw a violent mob burning buildings, banks and cars. I also witnessed an individual stab a passer-by,” he told Reuters upon his arrival back in Lahore. REUTERS