Iron-rich extinct volcanoes could hold key to future rare earth element supply

In a groundbreaking study by The Australian National University (ANU) and the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, researchers have uncovered a potential goldmine hidden within ancient volcanoes

The study reveals that iron-rich magma, which solidified millions of years ago to form extinct volcanoes, may hold the key to a more efficient extraction of rare earth elements (REEs).

What are rare earth elements?

Rare earth elements are crucial in modern technologies, from smartphones and flat-screen TVs to electric vehicles and renewable energy infrastructure like wind turbines. However, despite their name, these elements are not as rare as it was once thought; the problem is in extracting them economically from their mineral sources.

Dr. Michael Anenburg from ANU explains that while traditional magmas from active volcanoes are less effective at concentrating REEs, the iron-rich magmas found in extinct volcanoes could be up to a hundred times more efficient. “We have never seen an iron-rich magma erupt from an active volcano, but we know some extinct volcanoes, which are millions of years old, had this enigmatic type of eruption,”Dr. Anenburg noted.

Extinct volcanoes like El Laco in Chile could become prime targets for further exploration, as they may harbour substantial reserves of REEs. To uncover these hidden treasures, researchers simulated volcanic conditions in laboratory settings.

Iron-rich extinct volcanoes

By subjecting rocks similar to the ones found in iron-rich extinct volcanoes to high temperatures, they were able to confirm the presence of abundant rare earth elements.

“Rare earth elements aren’t that rare. They are similar in abundance to lead and copper. But breaking down and extracting these metals from the minerals they reside in is challenging and expensive,” Dr. Anenburg emphasised. Currently, China dominates the global supply of these elements, but countries like Australia, with significant deposits such as Mount Weld in Western Australia and others near Dubbo and Alice Springs, have an opportunity to emerge as key players in the clean energy sector.

Australia could use its abundant REE deposits to support the growing demand for renewable energy technologies worldwide. Dr. Anenburg believes this presents a strategic opportunity for Australia to enhance its role in global supply chains and contribute to a more sustainable future.

These elements enable the production of high-efficiency magnets, essential for electric vehicle motors and wind turbines. Their applications extend to defence technologies, highlighting their strategic importance beyond consumer electronics.

The research shows the geological potential of iron-rich extinct volcanoes and also the imperative for innovation in resource extraction technologies. By unlocking the secrets of these ancient geological formations, scientists are paving the way for a more sustainable and resource-efficient future.