Sea turtle shells reveal hidden records of ocean change

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Techniques developed to study the distant past—from dating ancient artifacts to reconstructing climate records in ice cores—are now being repurposed to help us better understand the lives of modern sea turtles. Using radiocarbon methods from archaeology, researchers show that sea turtle shell plates are biological time capsules that record signs of major environmental disturbances in the ocean.

A new study published in the journal Marine Biology shows that scutes, the hard plates that make up a turtle's shell, grow continuously and preserve chemical signals that reflect environmental conditions over time. By analyzing these layers, scientists can determine where turtles have been foraging, what they were eating, and how marine environmental stress events affected them.

How scutes preserve ocean history

Sea turtle scutes are made of keratin—the same material found in human hair and nails. Keratin grows in successive layers that capture chemical information about a turtle's diet and environment when the tissue forms. Scientists have long used stable isotope analysis of scutes to study turtle ecology, but the timescale represented by these layers has remained uncertain.

The research was led by Bethan Linscott, Ph.D., and Amy Wallace, Ph.D., in collaboration with researchers from the University of Florida, the University of Bristol, and Earth Sciences New Zealand.

"Sea turtle shells grow continuously throughout their lives, and each layer preserves evidence of past environmental conditions," said Linscott. "By analyzing these sequential layers, we can reconstruct foraging patterns, diet, and environmental changes over time."

To determine how quickly the layers form, researchers analyzed shell samples from 24 stranded sea turtles—loggerheads (Caretta caretta) and green turtles (Chelonia mydas)—collected along the Florida coast between 2019 and 2022. The team removed small circular biopsies from the scutes and sliced them into ultra-thin sections approximately 50 microns thick.

Each layer was radiocarbon dated and compared with the mid-20th-century "bomb pulse," a spike from nuclear weapons testing that serves as an environmental tracer in the marine environment.

The researchers then used Bayesian age-depth modeling, a statistical approach commonly used in archaeology to date sediment layers to estimate how quickly the shell tissue accumulated. The results showed that scute growth rates vary among turtles, but on average, each 50-micron layer represents about seven to nine months of growth.

Linking growth slowdowns to stress

By reconstructing these timelines, the scientists identified synchronized slowdowns in shell growth across multiple turtles. These slowdowns coincided with major environmental disturbances in Florida waters, including harmful algal blooms known as "red tides" and large Sargassum seaweed events.

"These shells are effectively recording environmental stress in the ocean," Linscott said. "It's a bit like sea turtle forensics. We can use chemical fingerprints preserved in scutes to detect ecological shifts."

What this means for conservation

Understanding where sea turtles forage, how their diets change, and how environmental stress affects their growth can help scientists better protect these threatened marine species. Because sea turtles are long-lived and spend much of their lives in the open ocean, directly observing their life histories is often difficult.

"Our findings can help scientists better understand how marine ecosystems are changing and how species respond to those changes," concluded Linscott.

Linscott is a research assistant professor of sea turtle conservation at the Robert K. Johnson Center for Marine Conservation at the University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science. She is an archaeological geochemist who specializes in isotopic methodologies to investigate the interactions between humans, animals, and their environments throughout history. Wallace is a faculty research assistant at the Hatfield Marine Science Center in Newport, Oregon, specializing in the aging, migration, and trophic dynamics of marine fishes and sea turtles.

Publication details

Bethan Linscott et al, Bomb radiocarbon reveals keratin growth dynamics in loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and green (Chelonia mydas) turtles, Marine Biology (2026). DOI: 10.1007/s00227-025-04792-4

Journal information: Marine Biology

Key concepts

indicator speciesmarine water qualitysclerochronologytracer studyLoggerhead Sea TurtlesEnvironmental Biomarkers

Provided by Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science