Dog training choices may reflect owners' ethical views on animals
by University of CopenhagenSadie Harley
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Whether a dog owner rewards their dog with a treat or corrects it by pulling on the leash is not simply a matter of what they believe to be the most effective training method. According to the study, owners' choice of training methods is linked to their ethical stance on how animals should be treated and used.
The results come from a new study conducted by researchers from the University of Copenhagen in collaboration with colleagues from the University of Edinburgh. The paper is published in the journal Anthrozoös.
Dog owners with an animal welfare-oriented ethical stance are less likely to use punishment-based training methods than those who believe that animals are there for humans to use.
"If you use punishment as part of dog training, you are more likely to view dogs as existing primarily for human purposes. If you use less punishment and rely more on positive training methods, you are more likely to orient yourself towards the idea that animals should have rights, or at least good welfare," says Peter Sandøe, Professor at the Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at the University of Copenhagen and senior author of the study.
The study is based on responses from 500 dog owners in the United States, who were surveyed about their training practices.
Types of ethical orientation towards animals
The study categorized respondents according to their ethical orientation towards animals. Overall, three main orientations were identified:
- Anthropocentric orientation—the view that it is ethically acceptable for humans to use animals for human purposes
- Animal protection orientation—the view that humans may use animals, but have an obligation to ensure good animal welfare
- Animal rights orientation—the view that animals have moral value comparable to humans and should be entitled to similar rights
Dog owners with an anthropocentric orientation were more likely to use verbal reprimands or physical correction as part of their dog training than owners with one of the two other animal-ethical orientations. At the same time, owners with a welfare‑oriented view used more positive methods—such as treats, toys, and praise—than the anthropocentric owners.
Positive training methods—such as treats, toys and verbal praise—were widely used among respondents, while punishment-based methods, including verbal reprimands or physical correction, were used less frequently.
The results show that dog owners with an anthropocentric animal‑ethical stance are more likely to use punishment‑based methods than owners who believe that animals are entitled to good welfare or rights.
Training choices are not based on effectiveness alone
According to Sandøe, the study indicates that choice of dog training methods does not solely reflect technical knowledge or understanding of learning theory.
"Training is not a neutral activity. It is an activity in which the owner's view of the animal becomes apparent. The methods people choose also reflect their beliefs about what our moral obligations towards animals are."
From this perspective, influencing choice of training methods is not merely a technical or professional issue.
"It is not only about learning theory—it is also an ethical discussion. You cannot isolate it as something purely technical or sciency, as some tend to do," says Sandøe.
More reflective choices for dog owners
Although the study was conducted in the United States, similar patterns may be expected in other countries, explains Sandøe. While the distribution of ethical views may vary across countries, the relationship between ethical orientation and the choice of training methods is likely to be comparable.
At the same time, the findings may encourage reflection among dog owners.
"The study creates room for reflection. Ethics appears to play an important role in why people do what they do when training their dogs," says Sandøe.
Overall, the study highlights considerable variation in how people relate to animals.
"People have very different views on animals, and dog training is an area that really divides opinions," concludes Sandøe.
More information
Tracy Weber et al, Dog Owners' Use of Training Methods and Their Ethical Stance on the Treatment of Animals, Anthrozoös (2026). DOI: 10.1080/08927936.2025.2597086
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Provided by University of Copenhagen