Webb and Hubble find massive star clusters emerge faster

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This image shows a section of one of the spiral arms of Messier 51 (M51), one of the four galaxies studied in this work, as seen by Webb’s Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam). The thick clumps of star-forming gas are shown here in red and orange, representing infrared light emitted by ionised gas, dust grains, and complex molecules such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Within these gas complexes, each tens or hundreds of light years across, Webb reveals the dense, extremely bright clusters of massive stars that have just recently formed. The countless stars strewn across the arm of the galaxy, many of which would be invisible to our eyes behind layers of dust, are also laid bare in infrared light. Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA & CSA, A. Pedrini, A. Adamo (Stockholm University) and the FEAST JWST team

Astronomers using the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope together with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope have looked deeply at thousands of young star clusters in four nearby galaxies, studying clusters at different stages of evolution. Their findings show that more massive star clusters emerge more quickly from the clouds they are born in, clearing away gas and filling the galaxy with ultraviolet light. The result gives us a better understanding of star formation in galaxies, as well as how and where planets can form.

Astronomers have long known that understanding how star clusters come to be is key to unlocking other secrets of galactic evolution. Stars form in clusters, created when clouds of gas collapse under gravity. As more and more stars are born in a collapsing cloud, strong stellar winds, harsh ultraviolet radiation, and the supernova explosions of massive stars eventually disperse the cloud, ending star formation before all the gas is used up.

Once the cloud of gas a star cluster was born in is gone, its light can bear down on other star-forming regions in the galaxy, too. This process is called stellar feedback, and it means that most of the gas in a galaxy never gets used for star formation. Researching how star clusters develop, then, can answer questions about star formation at a galactic scale.

Studies of the closest star-forming regions, in the Milky Way and the dwarf galaxies that orbit it, allow us to dissect star clusters in the smallest details, but our position in the disk of our galaxy means only a few such regions are visible to us. By observing nearby galaxies, astronomers can survey thousands of star-forming regions and characterize entire populations of star clusters at many stages of evolution—a feat made possible with the launch of space telescopes, most prominently the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. Both kinds of investigation are necessary to truly understand how star formation takes place in galaxies.

The continuous development of infrared astronomy has allowed us to pull back the gaseous curtains that still hide the youngest star clusters and learn about the earliest stages of their development, but some subjects still puzzle researchers. For instance: when a star cluster forms, what determines how long it takes to disperse its natal cloud and begin radiating ultraviolet light out into the galaxy?

This image shows the four galaxies studied in this research, each of which has previously been the subject of a Picture of the Month: Messier 51 (top left), Messier 83 (top right), NGC 4449 (bottom left), and NGC 628 (bottom right). Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA & CSA, A. Pedrini, A. Adamo (Stockholm University) and the FEAST JWST team

Now, the state of the art has been further developed with both Hubble and Webb working together to provide a broad-spectrum view of thousands of young star clusters. An international team of astronomers has pored over images of four nearby galaxies—Messier 51, Messier 83, NGC 4449, and NGC 628—from the FEAST observing program (#1783), trying to solve this mystery. Their results, published in Nature Astronomy, show that it is the most massive star clusters that clear away their gaseous shroud the fastest, and begin lighting their galaxy the earliest.

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The team identified nearly 9,000 star clusters in the four galaxies in different evolutionary stages: young clusters just starting to emerge from their natal clouds of gas, clusters that had partially dispersed the gas (both from Webb images), and fully unobstructed clusters visible in optical light (found in Hubble images). With Webb's ability to peer inside the gas clouds, they were able to then estimate the mass and age of each cluster from its light spectrum. The most massive clusters had fully emerged and dispersed the clouds of gas after around five million years, while less massive clusters were between seven and eight million years old when they emerged from their nurseries.

Answering this open question of which star clusters clear away their birth clouds the fastest advances our understanding of galaxy formation. "Simulations of star formation and stellar feedback have struggled to reproduce how star clusters form and emerge from their natal clouds. These results give us important new constraints on that process," explained Angela Adamo of Stockholm University and the Oskar Klein Centre in Sweden, a lead author on the study and PI of the FEAST program.

Massive star clusters with their abundances of hot stars naturally emit most of the ultraviolet light in galaxies, but this work confirms that they also get a head start on producing stellar feedback over lighter clusters. Knowing where and when this stellar feedback is strongest throughout the lifetime of a galaxy allows astronomers to better predict how star-forming fuel is pushed around the galaxy and therefore how stars, and star clusters, are likely to form.

This image locates a star-forming complex in one of the spiral arms of Messier 51 (M51), measuring almost 800 light-years across. M51 is located about 27 million light-years away from Earth. The thick cloud of star-forming gas, in which clumps collapsed to form each of the individual star clusters, is shown here in red and orange colours that represent infrared light emitted by ionised gas, dust grains, and complex molecules such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Many of the bright dots that can be seen within the clouds are star clusters. The massive young stars within cast powerful radiation on the gas clouds that surround them, creating the cyan illumination shown here. Eventually, the combination of radiation, stellar wind and the supernova explosions of the most massive of these stars will disperse the gas clouds, putting an end to the star formation in this part of M51. Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA & CSA, A. Pedrini, A. Adamo (Stockholm University) and the FEAST JWST team

Our theories of how planets form are also impacted by this research. The faster gas is cleared away within a star cluster, the earlier protoplanetary disks around stars are exposed to harsh ultraviolet radiation from other stars, and the less opportunity they have to attract further gas from the nebula. This reduces the opportunities they have to grow dust and create planets.

"This work brings together researchers simulating star formation and those working with observations, as well as groups researching planet formation," said Alex Pedrini, lead author, also of Stockholm University and the Oskar Klein Centre in Sweden. "Using Webb, we can look into the cradles of star clusters and connect planet formation to the cycle of star formation and stellar feedback."

Publication details

Alex Pedrini et al, The emerging timescale of young star clusters regulated by cluster stellar mass, Nature Astronomy (2026). DOI: 10.1038/s41550-026-02857-y

Journal information: Nature Astronomy

Key concepts

Optical astronomyUltraviolet astronomySpace telescopesStar forming regionsStellar feedback

Provided by European Space Agency