Symmetry in biology: A look into how bees actively organize nests in mirroring patterns

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Images of honey bee combs, arranged to show the symmetry between the two sides of the comb. All combs were built and stockpiled by the bees (i.e., no embossed wax was provided). The coloration shows the cell contents. Credit: Images Smith Bee Lab, arrangement by Peter R. Marting

Mirroring the mechanisms that make human faces and bodies—and those of many multicellular organisms—symmetrical, bee colonies build symmetrical nests when they are placed on either side of a double-sided comb. The finding, published in Current Biology, extends examples of symmetry in biology to the behavior of communities and the architectural structures that they build.

In addition to the simple beauty of the mirrored combs, nest symmetry also helps the colonies adapt better. For example, two-sided nests grow more quickly, rear more brood and have a more stable thermal environment than one-sided nests.

"Akin to the location of plumbing in the construction of an apartment building, which often results in mirrored kitchens or bathrooms across apartments, bees originate their colonies based on a heat source, and thermal cues drive colony organization," said Michael L. Smith, corresponding author on the publication and assistant professor in the department of biological sciences at Auburn University.

"Heat cues direct where the nest is initiated and where the queen begins laying eggs, but the entire nest is symmetrical, including their pollen and honey stores."

  • The evolutionary context of nest symmetry. Credit: Current Biology (2024). DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.10.022
  • Images of honey bee combs, arranged to show the symmetry between the two sides of the comb. All combs were built and stockpiled by the bees (i.e., no embossed wax was provided). The coloration shows the cell contents. Credit: Images Smith Bee Lab, arrangement by Peter R. Marting

As the behavior is present in several species of honeybees, all within the genus Apis, the researchers posit that nest symmetry likely evolved when honeybees moved from building single-sided combs to double-sided ones between 50 and 60 million years ago.

"Symmetry is visible in many organisms at several levels, from the molecular to the full body, but this is the first work to show architectural symmetry at this superorganism level," said Colette St. Mary, a program director in the NSF Directorate for Biological Sciences. "Identifying properties or behaviors that cut across biological scales like this helps elucidate the rules of life."

More information: Michael L. Smith et al, Form, function, and evolutionary origins of architectural symmetry in honey bee nests, Current Biology (2024). DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.10.022

Journal information: Current Biology

Provided by National Science Foundation