How soil bacteria help plants defend themselves against disease

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This soil bacterium is recognized by the plant, which, following the release of a signal that spreads throughout all its organs, strengthens its defenses against attack by pathogens. Bacillus produces a molecule called surfactin, capable of interacting with root cells (bottom right). More specifically, surfactin binds preferentially to certain lipids in the plant cell membrane (glucosylceramides). This interaction alters the physical properties of the membrane, leading to the opening of mechanosensitive ion channels (top right) and triggering the immune response. Credit: Created in BioRender / Deleu, M.

A study led by researchers at the University of Liège reveals the mechanism by which surfactin, a molecule produced by beneficial soil bacteria, activates plants' immune defenses. This mechanism, distinct from the classical paradigm of immune recognition, relies on direct interaction with the plant cell membrane. This discovery opens up prospects for the development of next-generation biopesticides. The paper is published in the journal Nature Plants.

Beneficial bacteria prime plant immunity

Plants are not defenseless against pathogens. Certain soil bacteria, far from being mere inhabitants of the roots, send chemical signals to plants that prepare them to resist pathogens. An international research consortium, led by researchers from the University of Liège's Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, has just elucidated the molecular mechanism behind this immunization. The team's study shows that surfactin, a cyclic lipopeptide produced by bacteria of the genus Bacillus, acts not via a protein receptor, but by interacting directly with the lipids in the plant cell membrane.

"Plants have sophisticated defense mechanisms against disease," explains Marc Ongena, researcher at the TERRA Research Centre. "Among these, immunity induced by beneficial soil microorganisms is attracting growing interest, both in fundamental and applied research. We already knew that certain rhizosphere bacteria, particularly those of the genus Bacillus, produce cyclic lipopeptides capable of stimulating plant defenses. But how these molecules were recognized by plant cells had remained poorly understood until now."

How surfactin talks to roots

The researchers focused on surfactin—one of these lipopeptides—and its interaction with Arabidopsis thaliana, a model plant commonly used in plant biology. Using a transdisciplinary approach combining cell biology, biochemistry and biophysics, they demonstrated that surfactin binds to sphingolipids—and more specifically to glucosylceramide—present in the root cell membrane.

"This interaction causes a slight remodeling of the membrane, increasing its tension, which activates mechanosensitive ion channels," explains Magali Deleu. This triggers a signaling cascade that spreads from the roots to the leaves and prepares the plant to better resist pathogens, including the fungus Botrytis cinerea, which causes gray mold.

A new twist on plant immunity

This mechanism differs from the classical paradigm of plant innate immunity, in which the recognition of foreign molecules usually involves membrane protein receptors. Here, it is the physical modification of the membrane itself—rather than a lock-and-key interaction with a receptor protein—that acts as the triggering signal. This finding sheds new light on how plants can perceive their microbial environment and distinguish between beneficial bacteria and true pathogens.

Toward greener, targeted crop protection

In practical terms, this research forms part of efforts to develop a new generation of biopesticides. By understanding precisely how these bacteria or their molecules activate plant immunity, it becomes possible to envisage more targeted and effective crop protection strategies, partially replacing chemical inputs. These results thus provide a solid scientific basis for guiding the rational development of bio-based products for use in sustainable agriculture.

This study illustrates the value of interdisciplinary basic research in shedding light on concrete agronomic challenges. By deciphering the chemical dialogue between soil bacteria and host plants at the molecular level, the teams at the University of Liège and their partners are opening up new avenues for better exploiting the natural alliances that exist between microorganisms and plants, to the benefit of an agriculture less dependent on synthetic products.

Publication details

Guillaume Gilliard et al, Membrane remodelling mediates lipopeptide-induced immunity in Arabidopsis, Nature Plants (2026). DOI: 10.1038/s41477-026-02270-3

Journal information: Nature Plants

Key concepts

rockcressHost Microbial InteractionsHost-Pathogen InteractionsMicrobiota

Provided by University de Liege