Just as Gouda: Improving the quality of cheese alternatives

The GIST
Editors' notes

This article has been reviewed according to Science X's editorial process and policies. Editors have highlighted the following attributes while ensuring the content's credibility:

fact-checked

trusted source

proofread

Plant-based dairy products are a great alternative for people who avoid animal products, but manufacturers have a hard time replicating the creamy, cheesy qualities that make dairy so indulgent.

Scientists from the University of Guelph in Ontario and Canadian Light Source Inc. in Saskatchewan are working to produce plant-based cheese with all the characteristics of real cheese, but with better health benefits.

In Physics of Fluids, researchers studied multiple types of plant-based proteins and how they interact with alternative cheese scaffolds.

"If you wanted to strictly only eat plant-based products, you would end up eating a lot of beans and tofu, which can be little bit boring after a while," said author Alejandro Marangoni. "Now, consumers expect essentially the same animal product but with plant-based ingredients, which is very difficult."

To create a cheesy product with the same texture as the real thing, scientists need to study a variety of physical attributes such as the melting, stretching, and oil-release upon grilling and heating.

"The behavior of milk proteins and meat proteins is reasonably well understood, but knowledge about the functionality of plant proteins is lacking," Marangoni said. "There is also a huge variety of different plant proteins, each one very different from one another."

Previous research concluded that a blend of 25% coconut oil, 75% sunflower oil, and pea protein created a desirable cheese texture. In this research, Marangoni and his team studied isolates from three proteins (lentil protein, faba bean protein, and a particular type of pea protein) and observed how the isolates interacted with the oil and with the starch matrix of the cheese alternative.

They found that increasing the coconut oil increased the hardness of cheeses, but cheese with pea protein and 25% coconut oil had the firmest texture due to their unique protein-fat interactions. This formulation matched or surpassed the melt, oil loss, and stretch of the cheese analogs made with 100% coconut oil.

Using a blend of sunflower and coconut oil decreased the saturated fat content of the cheese, creating a healthy and sustainable alternative to dairy cheeses and other plant-based cheeses.

"Ultimately, we want to improve the nutrition, increase the protein content, and lower the saturated fat content of cheese alternatives," Marangoni said. "But keeping all the functionality in there, which includes the melt and the stretch of the 'cheese,' is very difficult."

More information: Impact of protein sources on the functionality of plant-based cheeses formulated with saturated and unsaturated fat, Physics of Fluids (2025). DOI: 10.1063/5.0238556

Provided by American Institute of Physics