Scientists engineer personalized cartilage graft for infants with life-threatening airway narrowing

by Children's Hospital of Philadelphia

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A study led by researchers at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) demonstrates a new method of using decellularized cartilage with patient-specific cells to help enlarge pediatric airways narrowed as a result of severe subglottic stenosis. Researchers demonstrate that this new method is faster, more effective and able to overcome issues associated with the current standard grafts, such as donor site morbidity, insufficient tissue volume and a delayed timeline. The findings are published in the journal Nature Communications.

Severe subglottic stenosis is a narrowing of the airway below the vocal cords and above the trachea. An estimated 20,000 infants per year are affected by this condition. The most severe cases require laryngotracheal reconstruction (LTR), an open-airway surgery used to enlarge the airway by implanting cartilage taken from the rib cage.

While LTR is used to successfully treat thousands of children with subglottic stenosis, in many cases, young children lack enough costal cartilage—the cartilage connecting the ribs to the sternum—for these grafts. As a result, operations often need to be delayed, leaving the child attached to a tracheostomy tube until they are older, and there is a higher risk of needing follow-up surgery because the airway is at risk of narrowing again.

Why current grafts fall short

To improve this process and reduce the risk of these potential complications, a team led by Riccardo Gottardi, Ph.D., assistant professor with the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and leader of the Bioengineering and Biomaterials lab, and Ian Jacobs, MD, medical director of the Center for Pediatric Airway Disorders in the Division of Otolaryngology (ENT) at CHOP, has been looking at tissue engineering a laryngotracheal graft. However, the complexity of the trachea prevents the use of conventional cartilage engineering techniques for this procedure.

"We needed something that could be equivalent to a piece of cartilage, integrate well with the surrounding tissue, be well tolerated by the patient, behave like native tissues and regrow and be part of the airway," Gottardi said. "This required quite a bit of creative thinking because of the additional challenges in children who are so small and still growing."

To overcome these limitations, the researchers, led by former Gottardi lab member Paul Gehret, Ph.D., created a first-of-its-kind scaffold based on meniscal cartilage decellularization (MEND – MENiscus Decellularization). They realized that if the cells, elastin and blood vessels present in the meniscus are "digested" away, the meniscal cartilage becomes amenable to recellularization and integration while being less likely to provoke an immune response.

Using ear-derived cartilage progenitor cells (eCPCs), which can mature into cartilage-producing chondrocytes, the researchers demonstrated that MEND can be recellularized after the removal of elastin and blood vessels and is suitable for implantation in less than a month. This technique was validated in a preclinical in vivo model and demonstrated better performance than costal cartilage, the standard of care, with no adverse events reported.

Faster path to treatment

Importantly, this method needed to work in a clinically relevant time frame. In a real-world scenario, clinicians may have only one or two months to perform the procedure when it can still benefit the patient.

Harvesting seed cells within days and creating a scaffold within three to four weeks is significantly less time than the six months typically needed for engineered cartilage. These findings will be further validated before the procedure is proposed for patients suffering from severe subglottic stenosis.

"This research shows really promising data that suggests this novel approach could overcome the autograft-associated limitations we sometimes encounter when attempting laryngotracheal reconstruction in infants," Jacobs said.

"With more research, we expect this could decrease the need for invasive surgery, and we may be able to apply the technology to other conditions that require a cartilage graft."

Publication details

A Translational Approach to Airway Reconstruction Leveraging Decellularized Meniscus and Cartilage Progenitor Cells, Nature Communications (2026). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-026-73680-2

Journal information: Nature Communications

Clinical categories

PediatricsChildren's healthPulmonary medicineGeneral surgery Provided by Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Who's behind this story?

Sadie Harley

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