Parental Holocaust trauma linked to higher risk of schizophrenia in offspring, new study finds

by Hebrew University of Jerusalem

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Can the trauma of a parent rewrite the mental health of a child born decades later? A new study reveals that children born decades after the Holocaust to parents who were older than 5 at the time of the initial Nazi persecutions faced an elevated schizophrenia risk. This preconception echo underscores specific periods of vulnerability to trauma experienced in childhood and suggests that the shadows of atrocities can quietly reach across generations. The findings are published in the American Journal of Psychiatry.

The research was led by Prof. Hagit Hochner and Dr. Iaroslav Youssim from the Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Prof. Dolores Malaspina from Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, and colleagues. The team investigated the long-term, intergenerational impacts of severe preconception trauma by evaluating whether the children of Holocaust survivors are at increased risk for severe psychiatric disorders.

Tracking two generations of health data

To understand this relationship, researchers used data from the Jerusalem Perinatal Study, which tracked births in West Jerusalem between 1964 and 1976. They linked these records to Israel's National Psychiatric Registry through December 2004 to monitor hospitalizations for schizophrenia and related disorders. The team analyzed two large data sets consisting of 14,759 children of tracked mothers and 18,085 children of tracked fathers.

Parents were classified as "exposed" if they were of Jewish ancestry, born in European countries under Nazi rule, and immigrated to Israel after anti-Jewish persecutions began in their home countries. The researchers further separated these parents into subgroups based on how old they were when the persecutions began: 5 years old and younger, or older than 5. Unexposed parents were of European descent not living under Nazi rule.

The crucial factor of age and timing

The findings revealed a stark difference based on the parent's age at the time of the trauma. Offspring of mothers who were older than 5 when Nazi persecutions began demonstrated more than double the risk of schizophrenia. This risk remained pronounced and statistically robust even after the researchers adjusted for sociodemographic factors, birth weight and the mother's own history of psychiatric hospitalization.

Conversely, no elevated risk of schizophrenia was detected in the offspring of parents who were 5 years old or younger when the persecutions started. The researchers suggested that very young children might have been better shielded from their immediate environment by primary caregivers, or that their developing cognitive faculties altered their perception of the danger around them.

Maternal vs. paternal inheritance pathways

The study also illuminated notable differences between maternal and paternal trauma transmission. While the children of fathers who were older than 5 at the time of exposure initially showed an elevated risk of schizophrenia, this association diminished and became statistically nonsignificant once adjusted for sociodemographic variables.

The enduring strength of the maternal connection suggests that the intergenerational transmission of trauma may operate through distinct biological and environmental pathways. The researchers noted that maternal trauma might affect future generations via the intrauterine environment during pregnancy, greater maternal engagement in early childhood parenting or epigenetic alterations in the germline that transmit stress information across generations.

While the study had limitations, such as an inability to capture subjective personal experiences of the Holocaust or track participants past 2005 when later-onset cases might appear, its population-based design provides substantial evidence of how historical atrocities leave an imprint on the mental health of subsequent generations. Hochner and her team emphasized that ongoing research across different historical and geographical settings will remain vital to fully understand the deep-rooted legacies of trauma.

"Our work underscores that war does not only have devastating immediate consequences, but also places a profound intergenerational burden on the future," said Hochner, joint senior author of the study. "As conflict and warfare continue to escalate and to displace and traumatize populations globally, understanding these preconception pathways is crucial for anticipating future public health burdens. It is in fact our professional duty to study these effects and to bring it to public awareness. Ending war and striving for peace is a public health imperative."

Publication details

Iaroslav Youssim et al, Schizophrenia in Offspring of Holocaust Survivors: Intergenerational Effects of Preconception Parental Trauma Within the Jerusalem Perinatal Study, American Journal of Psychiatry (2026). DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20241145

Journal information: American Journal of Psychiatry

Key medical concepts

Schizophrenia

Clinical categories

PsychiatryPsychology & Mental health Provided by Hebrew University of Jerusalem Who's behind this story?

Lisa Lock

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