Mitochondria may control immune cell activation and the effectiveness of immunotherapy

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by Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares

edited by Stephanie Baum, reviewed by Robert Egan

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Optimal dendritic-cell-based antitumor immunotherapy with cDC1 cells requires active mitochondria. Whereas vaccination with normal cDC1 cells efficiently reduces metastasis in B16-OVA tumors, the antitumor efficacy of these cells is diminished when their mitochondria are damaged. Credit: CNIC

A study led by researchers at the Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC) has identified a mitochondrial checkpoint that enables dendritic cells to efficiently activate T lymphocytes against viruses and tumors. Dendritic cells are immune cells that detect threats and activate the body's defenses, acting as sentinels that instruct T lymphocytes on what to attack.

The study, published in Science Immunology, shows that restoring the internal chemical imbalance caused by defective mitochondrial function in dendritic cells restores the capacity of immune cells to defend the body against infection. The findings could open new avenues for improving cancer immunotherapy.

The study reveals that the ability of dendritic cells to activate T lymphocytes depends on an unexpected mechanism: the proper functioning of mitochondrial complex I, a key mitochondrial component. Mitochondrial complex I acts as a metabolic switch that is essential for the ability of dendritic cells to convert viral or tumor-derived material into effective immune activation signals and trigger a strong T-cell response.

The study, led by David Sancho, a researcher at the CNIC, and Michel Enamorado, at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, identifies a new metabolic checkpoint that determines the effectiveness of this immune instruction process.

"We discovered that mitochondrial complex I acts as a genuine metabolic switch. Without its proper function, dendritic cells lose much of their ability to activate T lymphocytes to fight threats such as tumors or viruses," explains Dr. Sancho.

The study's two co-first authors, Sofía C. Khouili and Elena Priego (CNIC), emphasize that mitochondrial complex I function is critical for dendritic-cell-mediated activation of T lymphocytes.

Khouili explains, "When complex I function is impaired, dendritic cells struggle to present sufficient antigen to T lymphocytes, reducing both T cell activation and the immune response against viruses or tumors."

Priego adds, "The key lies in the increased NADH-to-NAD+ ratio that results from complex I deficiency. Rebalancing this ratio by pharmacological means restores the ability of dendritic cells to activate T lymphocytes during viral infections or antitumor responses."

According to Drs. Sancho and Enamorado, mitochondrial activity in dendritic cells can become altered in certain settings, such as the tumor microenvironment, limiting their ability to activate T lymphocytes.

"We identified mitochondrial complex I in dendritic cells as a key checkpoint and demonstrated that correcting the internal chemical imbalance associated with its dysfunction can restore immune responses in experimental models."

The researchers conclude that these findings "point toward new strategies for enhancing vaccines and cancer immunotherapies."

Publication details

Sofía Khouili et al, Mitochondrial complex I activity promotes antigen cross-presentation in dendritic cells, Science Immunology (2026). DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aef0098

Journal information: Science Immunology

Key medical concepts

Dehydrogenase, Complex ICancer ImmunotherapyVaccination

Clinical categories

Allergy and immunologyOncology Provided by Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Who's behind this story?

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