Deep brain stimulation study links multiple pathways to sustained improvement in treatment-resistant depression
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Stimulation of specific brain connections was associated with sustained improvement in people receiving deep brain stimulation (DBS) for treatment-resistant depression, Mount Sinai researchers reported. The findings could help researchers refine how they target this investigational treatment.
Published in the American Journal of Psychiatry, the study examined the largest multicohort group to date of patients who received subcallosal cingulate deep brain stimulation (SCC DBS) for treatment-resistant depression.
Across independent patient groups, sustained clinical improvement was associated with stimulation of three white matter pathways: the cingulum bundle, forceps minor and medial uncinate fasciculus/ventral amygdalofugal pathways.
Mapping connections to guide electrode placement
The results support connectome-based targeting, which uses maps of the brain's structural connections to guide placement of DBS electrodes instead of relying on anatomical landmarks. This approach has informed the ongoing Abbott TRANSCEND clinical trial, a randomized, controlled trial in which patient-specific connectome-guided targeting is used for SCC DBS.
"This study underscores the importance of individualized surgical targeting for achieving optimal outcomes with deep brain stimulation for depression," said Helen Mayberg, M.D., Mount Sinai Professor in Neurotherapeutics and founding director of the Nash Family Center for Advanced Circuit Therapeutics at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.
"In any randomized controlled trial of a neuromodulation treatment, precise lead placement and confirmation that the intended brain target has been engaged are essential first steps. We still have much to learn about which patients are most likely to benefit from stimulation of this particular target, but developing imaging-based signatures that can match patients to their optimal treatment remains a central goal of our research."
Stimulation extends beyond the electrode
Treatment-resistant depression is depression that has not improved adequately with standard treatments. Researchers are studying DBS as a potential option for people with severe, persistent depression. DBS involves surgically implanted electrodes that deliver electrical stimulation to specific brain circuits.
A central challenge in DBS is identifying which brain connections need to be stimulated. The treatment affects more than the tissue immediately surrounding an electrode: Its effects also depend on the networks and white matter pathways reached by stimulation.
In studies published between 2014 and 2023 in Biological Psychiatry, Molecular Psychiatry and Nature, teams from Mount Sinai and Emory University identified white matter pathways associated with successful SCC DBS and developed a prospective connectome-based targeting method.
The new study assessed whether those findings held across independent patient groups at different centers and whether pathway engagement might help explain why some patients did not respond.
Nonresponse linked to an unstimulated pathway
The researchers analyzed data from several clinical studies, including the BROADEN trial and a University of Toronto cohort, where SCC DBS was initially developed. They combined models of DBS electrical fields with brain connectivity maps to assess how consistently stimulation reached the previously identified pathways.
Across patient groups, sustained improvement was associated with stimulation of the cingulum bundle, forceps minor and medial uncinate fasciculus/ventral amygdalofugal pathways. After two years of treatment, patients who did not respond to DBS across study sites were characterized by a lack of engagement of the left cingulum bundle.
The researchers did not test whether repositioning electrodes to reach the missing pathway would improve outcomes. Still, the findings may help explain why patients with electrodes placed in the same anatomical region can have different responses: An electrode may be in the intended location without stimulating every pathway associated with sustained improvement.
"This study addresses an important question in DBS: not simply which area of the brain to stimulate, but which connections within that area need to be engaged," said Brian Kopell, M.D., director of the Center for Neuromodulation at Mount Sinai.
"For a network disorder such as depression, millimeters can determine whether stimulation reaches the pathways we intend to modulate. Identifying and reproducibly engaging those pathways gives us a more precise surgical target and a framework for understanding why otherwise similar electrode placements may produce different clinical outcomes."
Refining patient selection and stimulation
The researchers caution that engaging the identified pathways is unlikely to be the only factor determining response. This study focused on where to deliver stimulation; further research must establish which patients are most likely to benefit and how to adjust stimulation over time.
The study had an imaging limitation: Patient-specific diffusion MRI data were unavailable for some participants, so the researchers relied on generalized connectivity maps for much of the analysis.
In the Emory cohort, results were consistent when the researchers compared generalized maps with patient-specific diffusion data. This consistency supports the pathway findings but does not eliminate the need to study patient-specific imaging further.
Future studies will examine whether individual measures of white matter integrity, functional connectivity and other imaging features can further improve patient selection, targeting and stimulation strategies.
"Our findings show precisely engaging these white matter pathways is a critical first step toward sustained response," said Ki Sueng Choi, Ph.D., associate professor and imaging core leader at the Center for Advanced Circuit Therapeutics at Mount Sinai and corresponding author of the study.
"The next step is to characterize abnormal functional and structural brain states along these pathways to build more detailed models for setting patient-specific stimulation parameters, including amplitude, frequency and pulse width, for precision medicine."
Publication details
Ha Neul Song et al., Connectomic Determinants of Subcallosal Cingulate Deep Brain Stimulation for Depression, American Journal of Psychiatry (2026). DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20250449
Journal information: Molecular Psychiatry , Biological Psychiatry , American Journal of Psychiatry , Nature
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PsychiatryPsychology & Mental healthNeurology Provided by The Mount Sinai Hospital Who's behind this story?
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