Dementia prevention can't rely on individual choices alone, new study finds
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Efforts to prevent dementia may be placing too much responsibility on people's choices while overlooking the wider social and environmental conditions that shape brain health, according to new Curtin University research published in The Lancet Public Health.
Researchers mapped 61 potentially modifiable dementia risk and protective factors to assess whether prevention efforts are overlooking the broader social, environmental and policy influences that shape lifelong brain health.
The study revealed a strong emphasis on factors addressed through individual motivation and behavior change, despite many dementia risks being influenced by conditions beyond a person's direct control.
Researchers found far less attention is paid to social and environmental influences such as education, housing, neighborhood safety, health care access, clean air and social connection—despite growing evidence that these factors affect people's ability to protect their brain health.
Dementia affects an estimated 57 million people worldwide, and this is projected to reach 139 million by 2050.
In Australia, about 446,500 people are living with dementia, with the number expected to exceed 1 million by 2065. Dementia is now the leading cause of death for Australians.
Risk beyond personal choice
Lead author Dr. Jennifer Dunne from Curtin University's Dementia Center of Excellence said the findings challenged the way dementia prevention has traditionally been framed.
"Much of dementia prevention is focused on what individuals can do to reduce their risk—exercise more, eat well, stay socially connected and manage their health," Dunne said.
"These are obviously important for a range of reasons, but our study shows that many of the factors that shape dementia risk do not sit solely within an individual's control.
"Where people live, the education they receive, the health care they can access, the air they breathe and the social and economic conditions they experience across their lives can all shape brain health.
"If we focus predominantly on individual behavior, we risk asking people to make healthier choices without addressing the conditions that make those choices possible."
Prevention as a shared responsibility
Chair of Dementia at Curtin's enAble Institute and co-author Professor Blossom Stephan said the findings showed dementia prevention needed to take a broader, population-wide approach.
"The next step is turning this evidence into action. Dementia prevention should support healthy choices while also improving education, neighborhoods, health care access and other social conditions that shape brain health across the population throughout a person's life," Stephan said.
Other collaborating institutions included NeuRA, UNSW Sydney and Dementia Australia.
Dementia Australia Chief Executive Officer Professor Tanya Buchanan said that with 78 million people expected to be living with dementia worldwide by 2030, it was vital to make sure everyone was supported in lowering their risk of dementia.
"Dementia risk reduction is a collective responsibility, and it is vital that everyone has access to the supports and services they need to support their brain health," Buchanan said.
"Alongside addressing brain health behavior at an individual level, we need policies and actions from governments and organizations to make it easier for everyone to lower their risk of dementia."
Publication details
Beyond individual-level approaches to dementia prevention: a socioecological reappraisal, The Lancet Public Health (2026). DOI: 10.1016/S2468-2667(26)00171-4
Journal information: The Lancet Public Health
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NeurologyHealthy agingPreventive medicineCommon illnesses & Prevention Provided by Curtin University Who's behind this story?
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