Overloaded brain cleanup cells may mark severe multiple sclerosis progression

by Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience

edited by Gaby Clark, reviewed by Robert Egan

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Researcher Daan van der Vliet, together with colleagues from the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Leiden University, and Utrecht University, has discovered an important mechanism that may be linked to severe progression of multiple sclerosis (MS). In brain tissue from patients with rapidly progressing MS, they found large numbers of abnormal immune cells overloaded with fat droplets. The study offers new leads for treatments as well as biomarkers that could better predict disease progression. The work is published in the journal Nature Neuroscience.

Why does one patient deteriorate rapidly while another does not?

In MS, the fatty insulating layer surrounding nerve fibers (myelin) is broken down in the brain and spinal cord. This can lead to neurological symptoms such as difficulties with walking and vision. MS progresses differently in every patient. Some people live for decades with relatively mild symptoms, while others become severely paralyzed at a young age. Researchers have therefore long tried to understand what causes these differences.

In the new study, the scientists focused on microglia: immune cells in the brain that clear waste and help repair damaged tissue. In MS patients, however, these cells change shape. They become filled with fat droplets, giving them a foamy appearance. Researchers call these cells "foamy microglia." "We found that patients with large numbers of these foamy microglia had a more severe disease course more frequently," says researcher Daan van der Vliet.

Cleanup cells that become overwhelmed

Under normal circumstances, microglia help clean up damage in the brain. In MS, however, this task may sometimes become too big. The researchers believe the cells absorb so much damaged myelin that they eventually become overwhelmed by their own waste-processing system. "These cells are probably trying to do something good: clearing up damage," Van der Vliet explains. "But they become overloaded, so to speak. As a result, they can no longer effectively contribute to repair."

The researchers also discovered that brain inflammations containing foamy microglia behave very differently at the molecular level from MS inflammations without these cells. For example, they contain specific fats involved in chronic inflammatory responses.

A new perspective on MS

For a long time, inflammation was thought to be the driving force behind disease progression, but the study also shows that MS may be more complex than that alone. According to the researchers, their work points to a more subtle process. "It does not appear to be simply about the inflammatory response alone," says Van der Vliet. "These cells are probably attempting to clear damage and promote repair, but that process fails, worsens inflammation, and counteracts recovery."

Advanced techniques and human brain tissue

For the study, the scientists analyzed brain tissue from 28 deceased MS patients who had donated their brains to the Netherlands Brain Bank. The team combined several advanced techniques that simultaneously examined gene activity, proteins, and fats within the same MS inflammatory lesions.

According to the researchers, the combination of modern technology and detailed knowledge of brain pathology was especially crucial. "Today we have incredibly sophisticated techniques that can map the brain in great detail," Van der Vliet says. "The technologies are fantastic, but they tell you relatively little if you cannot connect them to pathology in brain tissue. Precisely because brain tissue has been carefully studied and classified for years by the Netherlands Brain Bank, we were able to recognize these abnormal patterns."

A possible step toward more personalized treatment

In the long term, the discovery may help improve predictions of MS disease progression. The researchers found indications that certain fats associated with foamy microglia can also be measured in patients' cerebrospinal fluid. "That opens the possibility of developing biomarkers in the future that could help doctors identify earlier which patients are at risk of rapid decline—and which treatment would suit them best," Van der Vliet says.

In addition, the findings align with ongoing developments in new medicines targeting fat metabolism and chronic lesion expansion in MS. Some of these drugs are already being investigated in clinical studies in collaboration with Roche.

Publication details

Daan van der Vliet et al, Foamy microglia link oxylipins to disease progression in multiple sclerosis, Nature Neuroscience (2026). DOI: 10.1038/s41593-026-02302-3

Journal information: Nature Neuroscience

Key medical concepts

Multiple SclerosisMicrogliaCerebrospinal Fluid

Clinical categories

Neurology Provided by Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience Who's behind this story?

Gaby Clark

MA in English, copy editor since 2021 with experience in higher education and health content. Dedicated to trustworthy science news. Full profile →

Robert Egan

Bachelor's in mathematical biology, Master's in creative writing. Well-traveled with unique perspectives on science and language. Full profile →

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