AI and 3D-printed tumor organoids could rapidly uncover promising cancer therapies

by University of California, Los Angeles

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Researchers at the UCLA Health Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center have developed a new platform that combines 3D bioprinting, advanced imaging and artificial intelligence to better monitor how cancer responds to treatment. The technology could help researchers identify promising cancer therapies more rapidly and provide a way to test treatments on a patient's own tumor cells, helping guide more personalized treatment decisions.

Described in Nature Protocols, the approach uses cancer cells from patients to create tiny, lab-grown replicas of tumors, known as organoids, and continuously tracks their response to different drugs. Artificial intelligence then analyzes the resulting data, helping scientists evaluate hundreds of potential therapies simultaneously to uncover patterns in drug responses that could inform treatment strategies for cancers with few effective options.

Tumor organoids have become powerful tools for cancer research because they more closely resemble patient tumors than traditional laboratory models. However, many current systems still struggle to combine biological accuracy with the speed, consistency and scale needed for larger studies or clinical use. This study addresses that challenge by creating a platform that can generate and analyze large numbers of patient-derived tumor organoids while capturing detailed information about how they respond to treatment.

Creating 3D tumor organoids with extrusion bioprinting

The researchers developed a unified workflow that uses extrusion bioprinting to generate three-dimensional tumor organoids embedded in extracellular matrix constructs designed for high-throughput multiwell formats. These organoids were then continuously monitored using high-speed, label-free quantitative phase imaging, which tracks changes in biomass and growth dynamics to measure tumor fitness over time. The approach does not require dyes or destructive assays, which can alter cell behavior and limit how long cells can be observed.

To analyze the resulting data sets, the platform incorporates automated image reconstruction, deep learning-based segmentation and machine learning-based tracking of individual organoid responses to therapy. This allows researchers to quantify drug responses at single-organoid resolution across thousands of samples, providing a detailed view of tumor heterogeneity and differences in how tumors respond to therapy.

Measuring organoid response

The platform successfully measured how tumor organoids responded to drug treatment over time, both in established cancer cell lines and in a patient-derived tumor sample. Advanced imaging allowed researchers to continuously monitor organoid growth changes in response to a range of drugs, while artificial intelligence helped analyze large amounts of data and track responses at the level of individual organoids.

"Instead of asking whether a drug works on average for a large number of tumor cells, we can now determine which specific organoids respond and which do not, and ultimately, have an approach to determine the underlying reasons for unique response profiles," said Dr. Michael Teitell, director of the UCLA Health Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, professor of pathology and laboratory medicine and co-senior author of the study. "This allows us to measure drug responses across thousands of individual organoids, detect rare resistant tumor populations, track growth and treatment responses over time, and better predict which therapies may work for a particular patient."

Toward personalized treatment

The technology points to a potential approach in which doctors could test cancer drugs on a patient's own tumor cells before treatment begins. By helping researchers identify which therapies are most likely to work for a particular tumor, the method could support more personalized treatment decisions, particularly for patients with rare and hard-to-treat cancers.

Publication details

Bowen Wang et al, Label-free interferometry platform for drug response profiling of bioprinted tumor organoids at single-organoid resolution, Nature Protocols (2026). DOI: 10.1038/s41596-026-01375-5

Journal information: Nature Protocols

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Oncology Provided by University of California, Los Angeles Who's behind this story?

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