Preventing Cervical Cancer: The Critical Role of Screening and Vaccination

If cervical cancer is diagnosed at an early stage (Stage I), the 5-year survival rate in India improves significantly to approximately 85%.

· The Hindu

Cervical cancer, primarily caused by persistent infection with high-risk types of the human papillomavirus (HPV), is the second most common cancer among Indian women, claiming nearly 80,000 lives annually (Globocan 2022). Despite these statistics, cervical cancer is largely preventable through regular screening and vaccination. 

What Causes Cervical Cancer?

Cervical cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus connecting to the vaginal canal. Most cases are caused by HPV, a common infection transmitted through sexual contact. While the immune system often clears HPV naturally, in some individuals, the virus persists, leading to precancerous changes in cervical cells that can develop into cancer over time. Regular screening and HPV vaccination significantly reduce the risk of cervical cancer. 

The Power of Prevention: Screenings and Vaccination

Cervical cancer progresses slowly, providing a window for early detection and treatment. Screening and vaccination are critical in preventing advanced disease. 

1. Screening Tests:

  • Pap Smear: Detects precancerous changes in the cervix, enabling early treatment. Recommended every three years for women aged 21–65.
  • HPV DNA Test: Identifies high-risk HPV strains and complements pap smears, especially for women 30 and older. When combined with a pap smear, it can be done every five years.

2. Vaccination: 

HPV vaccines offer proactive protection against cervical cancer’s primary cause.

  • Target Age Group: Vaccination is most effective between ages 9 and 14, for both boys and girls, before sexual activity begins.
  • Catch-Up Vaccination: Women up to age 45 can benefit, though effectiveness may decrease after HPV exposure.

Vaccination covers high-risk HPV types linked to cervical cancer, significantly reducing the likelihood of precancerous changes.

Failing to undergo regular screening can lead to late-stage diagnosis, when treatment options are limited. Advanced cervical cancer often spreads to nearby organs like the bladder and rectum or other distant areas, resulting in severe complications and a high mortality rate – underscoring the importance of early detection.

Symptoms of Advanced Disease

Early-stage cervical cancer is usually asymptomatic, highlighting the need for regular screening. Advanced disease may cause: 

  • Abnormal vaginal bleeding (between periods, after intercourse, or after menopause)
  • Malodorous or unusual vaginal discharge
  • Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse

Lifestyle Choices Matter

While screening and vaccination are the most effective measures, certain lifestyle changes further reduce risk:

  • Avoid Tobacco: Smoking damages the DNA in cervical cells, which can lead to mutations that trigger cancer. It also weakens the immune system, making it harder to fight HPV infections.
  • Practice Safe Sex: Barrier methods (like condoms) lower HPV transmission risk.
  • Maintain Hygiene: Good personal hygiene helps reduce the likelihood of infections that may exacerbate HPV-related risks.

Early Detection Saves Lives

Cervical cancer is preventable, treatable, and curable when detected early. Regular pap smears, HPV DNA testing, and vaccination form a robust defence. Even vaccinated women must continue routine screenings, as vaccines don’t cover all HPV strains. Timely action through screening and vaccination saves lives. 

Have questions for our doctors?

Whatsapp us at 8939283283

or email us at sincerelyyourdoctor@thehindu.co.in

Dr KS Bindhu, Senior Consultant - Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Apollo Hospitals, Navi Mumbai

“A Preventive Healthcare Initiative by Apollo ProHealth and The Hindu”

Published - January 09, 2025 01:27 pm IST