Importantly, the study showed that a young age or 20 minutes of moderate activity like walking cannot buffer the effects. Instead, vigorous activity like running or cycling for 30 minutes daily can help, but not completely.

For heavy ex-smokers, greater than 25 years might be required for the residual CVD risk to align with that of never-smokers, said the study published in the journal JAMA Network Open.

The therapeutic intervention includes challenging or reframing misconceptions and restructuring habits to improve sleep quality.

Asthma is a common, chronic disease affecting more than 300 million people worldwide.