In Syria, U.S. Hopes to Avoid Replay of Afghanistan

As U.S. officials engage with the rebel group now in control of Syria, they are mindful of a painful episode in recent U.S. foreign policy whose consequences continue to unfold: the Taliban takeover of Afghanistan.

Three U.S. diplomats met last week in Damascus, Syria’s capital, with leaders of Hayat Tahrir al-Sham, the rebel militia that recently toppled the dictatorship of Bashar al-Assad. Their goal was to persuade the militant group — the successor to an affiliate of Al Qaeda — to govern the country with an inclusive and moderate hand.

That is the best hope, U.S. officials believe, for preventing Syria from descending into fresh violence and chaos that could further destabilize the Middle East and empower anti-American terrorist groups.

So far, U.S. officials think that the rebels are saying the right things.

The senior State Department official for the Middle East, Barbara Leaf, said the group’s battle-tested leader, Ahmed al-Shara, “came across as pragmatic” in the meeting in Damascus. Mr. al-Shara had offered “moderate statements” on a range of matters, including the rights of women and minority groups, and given assurances that terrorist groups would not operate within Syria, she said.

Even so, U.S. officials remain wary of Mr. al-Shara. They fear he might be sweet-talking to win international backing as he plots to consolidate power and perhaps impose strict Islamic rule, much as Taliban leaders did in 2021 in Afghanistan.

As American troops prepared to withdraw that year, U.S. negotiators worked to bring the Taliban into a power-sharing deal with other Afghan factions and urged them to abandon the goal of imposing strict Islamic law on the entire country.

Some U.S. officials believed that the group had become less doctrinaire since its overthrow by American forces in 2001. Taliban leaders, they thought, might be willing to make concessions — like allowing girls to attend school — to win international recognition and help rebuild their shattered nation.

That effort failed completely.

After the last American troops departed and Afghanistan’s president fled, the Taliban overran Kabul and seized power. They wasted little time imposing harsh restrictions on daily life — banning music, closing girls’ schools, persecuting minority groups and political rivals, and barring women from most public places.

As it turned out, Taliban leaders cared more about their religious ideology and wielding total power than about what the United States and its allies might provide for them.

The episode has not been forgotten by top Biden administration officials.

“There is a lesson there,” Secretary of State Antony J. Blinken said last week during an appearance at the Council on Foreign Relations in New York City. “The Taliban projected a more moderate face — or at least tried to — in taking over Afghanistan, and then its true colors came out. The result is it remains terribly isolated around the world.”

Mr. Blinken framed the example as a cautionary tale for Hayat Tahrir al-Sham. But some analysts warn that the United States should have learned from its experience in Afghanistan also.

“People at the State Department were the ones telling us the Taliban would moderate, that they were seeking legitimacy,” said Bill Roggio, a former U.S. Army soldier who edits The Long War Journal, an online publication that focuses on counterterrorism.

“But we failed to understand that what they seek first and foremost is power, and holding onto it, and imposing their version of Shariah law on their people.”

On the same day that the American officials held their meetings in Damascus, the U.S. and several other governments issued a joint statement expressing “grave concern” over the Taliban’s recent barring of women and girls from attending medical schools.

The statement also noted that “some terrorist groups still reside safely inside Afghanistan” and are capable of striking beyond the country’s borders.

But so long as the Taliban are willing to reject American recognition and aid, and even access to $10 billion in central bank reserves frozen by the United States, there is little that Washington can do to change their behavior.

“The lesson from Afghanistan is that Western leverage is limited,” said Colin Clarke, director of research at The Soufan Group, a consulting firm that tracks global terrorism.

Mr. Roggio said that hopes for a more pragmatic Taliban had reflected “a classic case of Western projection,” one that he fears is being replayed today in Syria.

“We think H.T.S. is seeking legitimacy, that they’re willing to moderate to garner that legitimacy,” he said, referring to Hayat Tahrir al-Sham. “We don’t take into account that they might actually be playing us, telling us what we want to hear.”

Mr. Roggio is particularly skeptical that Mr. al-Shara has abandoned the Al Qaeda worldview he once publicly endorsed.

Once a senior Al Qaeda fighter in Iraq during the American occupation, Mr. al-Shara became the leader of a Syrian rebel group called the Nusra Front, an official affiliate of Al Qaeda.

In January of 2017, he founded a new group, Hayat Tahrir al-Sham, which he declared independent.

Soon after Mr. al-Shara founded H.T.S., the State Department designated it a terrorist group, warning that the United States was not fooled by its “attempt to rebrand itself.”

U.S. officials take some reassurance from the way Hayat Tahrir al-Sham governed Syrian territory under its control before Mr. Assad was ousted. Analysts say that H.T.S. no longer uses terrorist tactics such as suicide bombings and does not call for attacks on other countries.

After visiting Damascus, Ms. Leaf said the United States was suspending a $10 million bounty announced years ago for information about Mr. al-Shara. She framed the decision not as a reward for any particular actions, but as a practical matter.

Still, Biden officials remain guarded. They say they will remove H.T.S. from the U.S. terrorist list only if the group backs up its words with action. “Deeds are the critical thing,” Ms. Leaf said on Friday.

One critical test is whether Mr. al-Shara’s new government prevents terrorists from using Syria as a base. The H.T.S. ranks include thousands of radicalized foreign fighters who may want to use a post-Assad Syria as a base to pursue other targets.

For some foreign policy experts, the lesson of the Taliban is not that the United States should keep a wary distance, but that it must engage more actively in Syria.

Zalmay Khalilzad, who served as the U.S. special envoy to Afghanistan under President Donald J. Trump and, until late 2021, under President Biden, said the Biden administration made a mistake by not having more direct contact with the Taliban after they took power in Kabul.

Mr. Khalilzad said that he had urged senior Biden officials to take a more active approach toward Syria, and that last week’s meeting with Mr. al-Shara and his associates was a positive step.

“Not that prematurely engaging doesn’t have risks,” Mr. Khalilzad said. “But I think there is an element of timing, of shaping things.” He added that Syria is “more strategically important” to the United States than Afghanistan, making the task more urgent.

Mr. Clarke of the Soufan Group and other analysts said there was little room for trust when it came to the promises of militants.

“Talk is cheap,” he said. “So no matter what these groups say, believe their actions, not their words.”

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